The Dolls And Bears Site

Anne Shirley

Syrup Of Ipecac

Mechanism of action

The actions of Ipecac are mainly those of its major alkaloids, emetine (methylcephaeline) and cephaeline. They both act locally by irritating the gastric mucosa and centrally by stimulating the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting.

Poison Treatment

The commercial preparation of ipecac consists of 1/14th of fluedextractum of ipecac root. The rest is composed of glycerin and sugar syrup. Ipecac root itself is a poison but due to the normal strengths used and the inability of the patient to keep the solution ingested it is seldom fatal.

Use

Ipecac was used in cough mixtures as an expectorant or an emetic from the 18th until the early 20th century. Ipecac and opium were used to produce Dover's powder, which was used in syrup form. Ipecac syrup is still used to induce vomiting, though it is no longer widely recommended.

Pediatricians once recommended ipecac be kept in the home as a ready emetic for use in cases of accidental poisoning. Current guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, however, strongly advise against this and in fact recommend the disposal of any syrup of Ipecac present in the home. Many toxicological associations have also issued position papers recommending against its use as a first-line treatment for most ingested poisons, because there has been no evidence that syrup of Ipecac actually helps improve the outcome in cases of poisoning. Moreover, accidental overdose of ipecac can result when administered in the home.

A 2005 review by an HRSA-funded scientific panel concluded that vomiting alone does not reliably remove poisons from the stomach. The study suggested that indications for use of Ipecac syrup were rare and patients should be treated by more effective and safer means. Additionally, Ipecac potential side effects, such as lethargy, can be confused with the poison effects, complicating diagnosis. Ipecac may also delay the administration or reduce the effectiveness of other treatments such as activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation, or oral antidotes.

Abuse

Ipecac has been used by individuals with bulimia nervosa as a means to achieve weight loss through induced defensive vomiting. Repeated abuse is believed to cause damage to the heart, which can ultimately result in the user's death. It has also been used as an agent for Mnchausen syndrome by proxy.

In Literature

In "Anne of Green Gables", by Lucy Montgomery, the protagonist Anne Shirley becomes a hero when she saves a neighbor's baby from croup by the administration of ipecac. The doctor, who arrives too late to be of much use, is effusive in his praise for the girl's actions. Anne says she learned how to deal with croup -- through the use of ipecac -- from her prior childcare experience. The book was written in the early 20th century and probably reflects the usage of the day.

See also

Algarot

References

^ Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention (1994), "Office-Based Counseling for Injury Prevention", Pediatrics 94 (4): 566567, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/94/4/566.pdf 

^ Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention (1994), "Office-Based Counseling for Injury Prevention", Pediatrics 94 (4): 566567, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/94/4/566.pdf 

^ Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention (2003), "Poison Treatment in the Home", Pediatrics 112 (5): 11821185, doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1182, PMID 14595067, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/112/5/1182 

^ Manoguerra, A S; Krenzelok, E P; McGuigan, M; Lheureux, P (2004). "AACT/EAPCCT position paper: ipecac syrup". Clinical Toxicology 42: 13343. doi:10.1081/CLT-120037421. 

^ Bateman, D N (1999), "Gastric decontamination view for the millennium", British Medical Journal (BAEM) 16 (2): 84, doi:10.1136/emj.16.2.84, PMID 10191436, http://emj.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/2/84 

^ Manoguerra, A S; Cobaugh, D J (2005), "Guideline on the Use of Ipecac Syrup in the Out-of-Hospital Management of Ingested Poisons", Clinical Toxicology 43 (1): 110, doi:10.1081/CLT-200046735, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713719870~db=all 

^ Silber, T J (2005), "Ipecac syrup abuse, morbidity, and mortality: Isn it time to repeal its over-the-counter status?", Journal of Adolescent Health 37 (3): 256260, doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.08.022, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1054139X05001126, retrieved 2008-05-02 

^ Shannon M (November 2003). "The demise of ipecac". Pediatrics 112 (5): 11801. PMID 14595066. 

External links

AAP policy on Poison Treatment in the Home

Chemical Poisoning and Syrup of Ipecac

v  d  e

Cough and cold preparations (R05)

Expectorants

Althea root  Antimony pentasulfide  Creosote  Guaiacolsulfonate  Guaifenesin  Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac)  Levoverbenone  Potassium iodide  Senega  Tyloxapol

Mucolytics

Acetylcysteine  Ambroxol  Bromhexine  Carbocisteine  Domiodol  Dornase alfa  Eprazinone  Erdosteine  Letosteine  Mesna  Neltenexine  Sobrerol  Stepronin  Tiopronin

Cough suppressants

Opium alkaloids,

Opioids,

and derivatives

Acetyldihydrocodeine  Benzylmorphine  Codeine  Dextromethorphan  Heroin  Dihydrocodeine  Dimemorfan  Droxypropine  Ethylmorphine  Hydrocodone  Hydromorphone  Isoaminile  Laudanum  Levomethadone  Levopropoxyphene  Methadone  Nicocodeine  Nicodicodeine  Normethadone  Noscapine  Pholcodine  Thebacon  Tipepidine  Zipeprol

Other

Benzonatate  Benproperine  Bibenzonium bromide  Butamirate  Clobutinol  Clofedanol  Cloperastine  Diphenhydramine  Dibunate  Dimethoxanate  Dropropizine  Fedrilate  Glaucine  Levodropropizine  Meprotixol  Morclofone  Nepinalone  Oxolamine  Oxeladin  Pentoxyverine  Pipazetate  Prenoxdiazine  Piperidione

v  d  e

Antidotes (V03AB)

Nervous system

Nerve agent / Organophosphate poisoning

Atropine#  Biperiden  Diazepam#  Oximes (Pralidoxime, Obidoxime)  see also Cholinesterase

Opioid overdose

Diprenorphine  Doxapram  Nalorphine  Naloxone#  Naltrexone  Nalmefene

Barbiturate overdose

Bemegride  Ethamivan

Benzodiazepine overdose

Cyprodenate  Flumazenil

GHB overdose

Physostigmine  SCH-50911

Reversal of neuromuscular blockade

Sugammadex

Cardiovascular

Heparin

Protamine#

Digoxin toxicity

Digoxin Immune Fab

Beta blocker

Glucagon

Other

Methanol / Ethylene glycol poisoning

Ethanol  Fomepizole

Paracetamol toxicity (Acetaminophen)

Acetylcysteine#   Glutathione  Methionine#

Arsenic poisoning

Dimercaprol#  Succimer

Cyanide poisoning

nitrite (Amyl nitrite, Sodium nitrite#)  Sodium thiosulfate#  4-Dimethylaminophenol  Hydroxocobalamin

Toxic metals (cadmium, mercury, lead, thallium)

Edetates  Dimercaprol#  Prussian blue

Hydrofluoric acid

Calcium gluconate#

Other

Prednisolone and promethazine  oxidizing agent (potassium permanganate)  iodine-131 (Potassium iodide)  Methylthioninium chloride#

Emetic

Ipecacuanha (Syrup of ipecac)  Copper sulfate

#WHO-EM. Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: hase III. Never to phase III

Categories: Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields | EmeticsHidden categories: Drug pages needing a structure drawing

About the Author

I am a professional writer from Frbiz Site, which contains a great deal of information about hair combs bridal , halo hair products, welcome to visit!

Why would you say Anne Shirley of Anne of Green Gables is a feminist character?

She followed Marilla's example for many years and never felt that marriage was really a necessary thing. She only married Gil because she really did feel a great love for him as not only her friend but as a mate. If left to her own devices, Anne would have preferred to work out her life as a writer or a teacher, not feeling the pressure or need for a family because of all the homes where she had cared for other people's young.

Anne also believed that women could do or be anything and encouraged this forward thinking of not only her students, but her own daughters.

I gave a lot of later references, but Anne at a younger age was just as high spirited and without regard for what any one thought but her! She was of a mind to do whatever constituted her own happiness without worry of anything else.

Comments are closed.